Un viernes que caiga en el día 13 de cualquier mes se considera un día de mala suerte en las culturas anglosajonas. Existen supersticiones similares en otras tradiciones; particularmente en Grecia, España y Latinoamérica, el martes 13 tiene el mismo papel, al igual que el viernes 17 en Italia.
Según los registros, un viernes 13 de octubre de 1307, bajo las órdenes del Rey Felipe IV de Francia, un grupo de los llamados Caballeros Templarios, fue capturado y llevado a la Santa Inquisición para ser juzgado y condenado por diversos crímenes en contra de la cristiandad.
No se sabe bien si la decisión del rey francés, se debió a una decisión meramente religiosa debido a los rumores que se tejían en torno a esta orden religiosa (de quienes se decía protegían o custodiaban secretos íntimos de la Iglesia como el Santo Grial), o por meras cuestiones económicas.
En ese tiempo, los Caballeros Templarios poseían una gran fortuna, eran los principales prestamistas y acreedores en muchas regiones de Europa, en especial de Francia. Es más, se dice que el propio Felipe IV, tenía una gran deuda con esta orden y que por ello decidió capturarlos y acusarlos ante el Vaticano por diversos cargos, entre ellos el de herejía, sodomía y de orinar y escupir en la cruz.
Los templarios al ser capturados fueron condenados a la hoguera, ante la anuencia del Papa Clemente V, de quienes muchos culpan de no haber llevado un proceso justo.
Al parecer, una muestra clara de la trascendencia de este grupo religioso es sin lugar a dudas, la sensación que dejó en gran parte de Europa la fecha de su captura que propició luego su sentencia y eliminación. Haciendo así que el día viernes 13, fuera más que la fecha de un evento histórico específico, para ser un símbolo del terror y la mala fortuna.
Por su lado el número trece desde la antigüedad fue considerado como de mal augurio ya que en la última cena de Jesucristo, trece fueron los comensales; la Cábala enumera a 13 espíritus malignos, al igual que las leyendas nórdicas; en el Apocalipsis, su capítulo 13 corresponde al anticristo y a la bestia. También una leyenda escandinava cuenta que, según la misma tradición, en una cena de dioses en el Valhalla, Loki, el espíritu del mal, era el 13° invitado. En el Tarot, este número hace referencia a la muerte.
De Wikipedia.
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The fear of Friday the 13th is called paraskavedekatriaphobia, a word derived from the concatenation of the Greek words Paraskeví (Παρασκευή) (meaning Friday), and dekatreís (δεκατρείς) (meaning thirteen), attached to phobía (φοβία) (meaning fear). This is a specialized form of triskaidekaphobia, a simple phobia (fear) of the number thirteen, and is also known as friggatriskaidekaphobia. The term triskaidekaphobia was derived in 1911 and first appeared in a mainstream source in 1953.
According to folklorists, there is no written evidence for a "Friday the 13th" superstition before the 19th century. The earliest known documented reference in English occurs in an 1869 biography of Gioachino Rossini:
- [Rossini] was surrounded to the last by admiring and affectionate friends; and if it be true that, like so many other Italians, he regarded Friday as an unlucky day, and thirteen as an unlucky number, it is remarkable that on Friday, the 13th of November, he died.
However, some folklore is passed on through oral traditions. In addition, "determining the origins of superstitions is an inexact science, at best. In fact, it's mostly guesswork." Consequently, several theories have been proposed about the origin of the Friday the 13th superstition.
One theory states that it is a modern amalgamation of two older superstitions: that thirteen is an unlucky number and that Friday is an unlucky day.
- In numerology, the number twelve is considered the number of completeness, as reflected in the twelve months of the year, twelve signs of the zodiac, twelve hours of the clock, twelve tribes of Israel, twelve Apostoles of Jesus, twelve gods of Olympus, etc., whereas the number thirteen was considered irregular, transgressing this completeness. There is also a superstition, thought by some to derive from the Last Supper or a Norse myth, that having thirteen people seated at a table will result in the death of one of the diners.
- Friday has been considered an unlucky day at least since the 14th century's The Canterbury Tales and many other professions have regarded Friday as an unlucky day to undertake journeys or begin new projects. Black Friday has been associated with stock market crashes and other disasters since the 1800s. It has also been suggested that Friday was the day that Jesus was crucified.
- The actual origin of the superstition, though, appears also to be a tale in Norse mythology. Friday is named for Frigga, the free-spirited goddess of love and fertility. When Norse and Germanic tribes converted to Christianity, Frigga was banished in shame to a mountaintop and labeled a witch. It was believed that every Friday, the spiteful goddess convened a meeting with eleven other witches, plus the devil - a gathering of thirteen - and plotted ill turns of fate for the coming week. For many centuries in Scandinavia, Friday was known as "Witches' Sabbath."
Another theory about the origin of the superstition traces the event to the arrest of the legendary Knights Templar. According to one expert:
- The Knights Templar were a monastic military order founded in Jerusalem in 1118 C.E., whose mission was to protect Christian pilgrims during the Crusades. Over the next two centuries, the Knights Templar became extraordinarily powerful and wealthy. Threatened by that power and eager to acquire their wealth, King Philip secretly ordered the mass arrest of all the Knights Templar in France on Friday, October 13, 1307 - Friday the 13th.
From Wikipedia.
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